Multi-Objective Location–Routing Modeling for Online Stores Considering Route Risk, Location Risk, Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery, and Flexible Time Windows
Keywords:
Location–Routing, Online Stores, Route Risk, Location Risk, Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery, Flexible Time WindowAbstract
In today’s world, online stores have become major platforms for the distribution of goods, through which customers select products and place their orders. Similar to conventional retail stores, online stores require warehouse facilities from which ordered products are delivered to customers; therefore, they require optimized location–routing systems. In this study, a location–routing model for online stores was designed by considering route risk, location risk, simultaneous pickup and delivery, and flexible time windows. The model was analyzed using the NSGA-II and MOGWO metaheuristic algorithms. The results indicated that increases in route risk, location risk, and integrated location–routing risk can lead to higher costs and greater customer dissatisfaction, while the impact of integrated location–routing risk is greater than the separate effects of location risk and route risk. Furthermore, enhancing flexibility in time windows and delivering goods according to customer preferences and demands requires higher costs and greater risk tolerance on the part of the online store.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Vali Sameye (Author); Javad Rezaeian Zaidi (Corresponding author); Mohammad Reza Lotfi (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
